There is a common misconception that conflict of interest only arises if a person has done something improper. The answer is a big NO! Perception is a very critical aspect to the notion of conflict of interest
In the last few Moneylife articles, we have been talking about the issue of conflict of interest with regard to the recently appointed RBI financial inclusion committee and in this article I focus on the RBI banking selection advisory panel. At the outset, I would like to state that serious conflicts of interests exist because one of the members of the banking selection advisory panel, Dr Nachiket Mor, is also chair of the RBI financial inclusion committee which has two members who have directly applied for the banking licenses. Further, several members of the above mentioned RBI financial inclusion committee have a relationship to these and other banking license applicants. The key relationships have already been highlighted in the previous money life articles and the interested reader may refer to these for understanding the exact nature of the various conflicting relations - RBI’s New Financial Inclusion Committee: Rife with conflicts of interests, Does the RBI know how much conflicts of interest it has created? and Why should RBI immediately disband newly appointed Committee on Financial Inclusion?
Now, let us focus directly on the banking selection advisory panel which has four members as per RBI’s announcement dated 4th October 2013. The first striking point about this panel is that it has three past regulators and a banker (with significant connections to the private financial sector). It must also be mentioned that two of the regulators retired from their regulatory positions within the last three years or so. Their key inter-relationships and conflicts of interests are listed in Table 1 below:
Table 1 : Conflicts of Interests in The 4 Member RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel | ||
Conflict of Interest Origins in 4 Member RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel (Based on Facts Available with Writer and Best Available Judgement of the Writer) | Number of Members of the RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel Who have This Conflict of Interest | Number of Members in RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel with a Specific Conflict of Interest as a proportion of Total Committee Members |
| 1 | 25% |
| 1 | 25% |
| 2 | 50% |
| 2 | 50% |
| 1 | 25% |
| 1 | 25% |
It must be remarked that one member of the banking selection advisory panel is at present holding several positions at the RBI: a) Member of RBI’s eastern board; b) Member of RBI’s Central Board; c) Member of RBI’s Financial Inclusion Committee Under Dr K C Chakrabarthy; d) Member of the Research Advisory Committee of CAFRAL, which is completed funded by RBI and located at the RBI; e) Chair of the new RBI Financial inclusion committee announced on September 23rd and f) Member of the Banking Selection Advisory Panel |
While the above conflicts of interests are general in nature, a second more crucial conflict of interest concerns the existing supervisory process and capacity at RBI and this is enumerated below.
There are large industrial business groups among the banking license applicants. And, there has been significant controversy regarding the granting of bank licenses to large industrial business groups for various reasons (this is dealt with in a separate article). And, likewise, there are NBFC and MFIs, which have also applied for the banking licenses and in the last few weeks we have had a lot of suggestions towards award of licenses to ‘small’ banks.
Given the above, I see two fundamental judgments to be made by the RBI banking selection advisory panel, while recommending banking licenses:
a) Understand the true capacity of the RBI to appropriately ring fence banking entities of large industrial business groups and supervise them effectively;
b) Analyse the objective ability of the RBI to supervise small banks, with operations and clients in diverse and remote areas.
Now, both of the above will require a candid and dispassionate analysis of RBI’s existing processes and its capacity, with regard to supervision of financial conglomerates (which could be considered as somewhat similar in characteristics to banks promoted by large industrial business groups) as well as NBFCs MFIs (which are thought to be akin to small banks). The argument being that if the RBI cannot effectively supervise large financial conglomerates, then, the question of it effectively ring-fencing and supervising banking entities belonging to large industrial business groups may be difficult. And hence, such licenses may not be accorded.
Likewise, the implied argument is that if the RBI cannot effectively supervise NBFC MFIs, then its ability to supervise similarly structured small banks (with diverse clients) is also a question mark. This would again result in the committee not recommending small banks from among the pool of applicants
Forgetting what I have said so far, read the following quote from a recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) assessment of RBI, as an institution. As the IMFi assessment notes,
“...The assessors identified a number of opportunities to better align current supervisory policies and procedures to international best practice. These include suggestions for improved coordination between the central office and the regional offices, increased interaction with auditors and private sector banks, more focused attention to banks’ internal risk-management models, a gradual move to more risk-based supervision and a revision of the RBI rotation policy to foster stronger supervisory expertise.”
Therefore, as noted earlier, the banking selection advisory panel would surely have to dispassionately and objectively analyse the capacity and weaknesses in the existing RBI supervision process, with regard to financial conglomerates in order to make a proper judgement on whether (or not) RBI’s strategy of ring-fencing banking entities of large industrial business groups, can be achieved in real time. This needs to be noted with great care!
And given the background of the RBI banking selection advisory panel in terms of it having a large number of past regulators as its members, the closeness (and ownership) of some of these regulatory member’s to the RBI’s own (past) supervisory process and the overall conflicts of interests prevalent (as identified earlier), I doubt very much as to whether the present banking selection advisory panel can indeed do an objective job of the same.
This not all.
Table 2 provides an overview of the RBI banking selection advisory panel members in terms of their relationship to a specific event – the 2010 AP micro-finance crisis. And as you can see from the table below, three of the four members of the panel, were at some time or the other, associated with institutions involved in the 2010 AP micro-finance crisis. And two of these were regulators who had direct linkages to the (ineffective) regulatory/ supervisory processes that led to questionable decisions on the ground, which, in my opinion, also played a part in exacerbating the 2010 AP micro-finance crisis. Therefore, not to sound like a broken record, but here again, I doubt very much as to whether a proper objective judgement of RBI’s current processes and its capacity to effectively supervise smaller financial institutions can be made by the panel. And unless we have an honest assessment of this, the banking selection advisory panel will not be able to recommend whether (or not) small banks should indeed be licensed by the RBI.
Table 2: Relationship of the 4 Member RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel to The 2010 AP Micro-Finance Crisis | ||
Other Aspects of RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel Member (Based on Facts Available with Writer and Best Available Judgement of the Writer) | Number of Members of the RBI Banking Selection Advisory Who have This Attribute | Number of Members in RBI Banking Selection Advisory Panel with Specific Attribute as a proportion of Total Panel Members |
| 2 | 67% |
Regulatory/supervisory failure was subsequently vindicated by: a) self-admittance by a regulatory superior (as high as former Governor of RBI, Dr YV Reddy); b) an enquiry ordered by the same regulatory authority (SEBI, in which the concerned member served officially as Chairman or in another capacity); and c) an enquiry ordered by another regulatory authority (IRDA). | 2 | 67% |
| 3 | 75% |
Now given the above, it is clear that the banking selection advisory panel has members with significant conflicts of interest and therefore, it would appropriate for the RBI to go in for a comprehensive re-organisation of the banking selection advisory panel to exclude members with even the slightest conflict of interest and include those with no apparent conflicts. Also, re-organisation of the panel can be made once the recommendations of the Hon Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance (PSCF) become available – in fact, media reports suggest that this PSCF report should be available very soon.
All these apart, the above discussion raises some very serious issues with regard to conflicts of interests at central banks like the RBI.
First, would be worthwhile to know whether any of the above conflicts have been disclosed by (any of the) concerned members and/or recognised officially at the RBI. Indeed, if the RBI had a formal policy on conflicts of interests and also a formal code of conduct for its board and committee members, this should have happened automatically.
Second, it would also be interesting to know whether such (conflicts of interests) policies and codes (of conduct) exist at RBI and whether disclosure has happened as per that! If indeed members had disclosed, then, how come these members were appointed to the banking selection advisory panel, ignoring the stated conflicts and disclosures.
And without any question, all of this would need to be clarified by the RBI as soon as possible.
To summarise, conflicts of interests need to be properly identified and managed at central banks and the Reserve Bank of India cannot be an exception to this very important rule of good governance. If conflict is not recognised promptly and handled wisely in each case, transparency becomes muddied and serious public mistrust may follow. Conflict of interest is thus a problem that attacks the very heart of good governance and needs to be resolved expeditiously!
And a caveat is in order here. There is a common misconception that conflict of interest only arises if a person has done something improper. The answer is a big NO! Perception is a very critical aspect to the notion of conflict of interest. It is not sufficient to simply believe or assert that the banking selection advisory panel members will not allow themselves to be influenced in any way by their private interest. They must also be seen to avoid situations where they might be perceived as being influenced by a private interest. Thus, a conflict of interest is not in itself misconduct; however, failing to recognise it or manage it appropriately could, at best, be considered improper or, at worst, be even regarded as potentially unlawful behaviour, depending on the country and context.
One final comment I would like to make. Responsiveness, integrity, impartiality, and accountability are four of the key values critical for a central bank like the RBI. And all of these are threatened by conflicts of interest. Thus, the RBI, as the premier institution that governs the financial sector in India, must surely set appropriate standards and benchmarks regarding conflicts of interests and take swift appropriate action, to eliminate them, as and when they become apparent. I am indeed confident that the RBI will act in the best traditions of its great institutional history!
i India: Financial Sector Assessment Program—Detailed Assessments Report on Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision by IMF Country report, August 2013
(Ramesh S Arunachalamhas over two decades of strong grass-roots and institutional experience in rural finance, MSME development, agriculture and rural livelihood systems, rural and urban development and urban poverty alleviation across Asia, Africa, North America and Europe. He has worked with national and state governments and multilateral agencies. His book—Indian Microfinance, The Way Forward—is the first authentic compendium on the history of microfinance in India and its possible future.)
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http://www.moneylife.in/article/regulato...
My RTI query on who appoints Directors on the RBI Central Board has been shunted between RBI and MOF.
There is a Director for 17 long years!
Why appoint the Nachiket Mor Committee when Damodaran and Justice Balakrishnan equally "High Powered" Committees have dealt with almost identical issues earlier.
They appoint the same names, are there no other competent experts outside the same charmed circle to go on Bharat Darshans?
But nobody in India wants to take this issues us with any seriousness. In fact, if you dare to raise common-sense principles of good governance it is viewed as personal agenda or enmity. In fact, I have very high regard for Mr Y H Malegam. But how, by any standards is it okay for him to be on the board for 20 years?
He is himself on various governance committees including the FSLRC. Shouldn't he himself step down sometime?
Do read: http://www.moneylife.in/article/regulato...
http://www.moneylife.in/article/why-shou...
Who can become a member of RBI board?
Who should be allowed to become a member of RBI board and the like
and so on.
Thanks sir!
We'll not sign the dotted line! That's why?