While Dr Raghuram Rajan is trying to give out banking licences in a fair and transparent manner, several members of the newly appointed financial inclusion committee are associated with groups looking to get a banking licence. The institutions that some of the committee members are associated with are focusing on the micro-finance/financial inclusion segment for their commercial interests, creating more potential conflicts of interest
I was impressed when Kumar Mangalam Birla, chairman of the Aditya Birla Group, resigned from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)’s central board of directors. He had been appointed to the Central Bank’s board in June 2006. The resignation came several weeks after one of the companies in his group—Aditya Birla Nuvo—had applied for a banking licence. The group and company had all along maintained that there is no conflict of interest though. However, when the Chairman of a Group which applies for a Banking license has been serving as a Director of the RBI for the last several years and continues to be a director even while the applications are being processed, there is most certainly a conflict of interest. Anyway, it was good that finally Mr Birla resigned and with that the conflict of interest issue concerning ‘new banking licenses’ appeared to have died down. Or so one thought!
Dr Raghuram Rajan’s speech on 4th September assured that a highly transparent process would eliminate conflicts of interest in the grant of banking licenses. He said, “The RBI will give out new bank licenses as soon as consistent with the highest standards of transparency and diligence. We are in the process of constituting an external committee…this committee will screen licence applicants after an initial compilation of applications by the RBI staff. The external committee will make recommendations to the RBI governor and deputy governors, and we will propose the final slate to the Committee of the RBI Central Board.”
Well, since Dr Rajan raised a lot of expectations, we only wish conflicts of interests would be eliminated elsewhere too. The fact is, several members of the recently appointed RBI financial inclusion committee have direct (as well as indirect) links with institutions that have applied for (and/or partnered with others in the application for) banking licenses.
Remember, the committee is chaired by former banker Nachiket Mor, who is associated with Sughavazhvu Healthcare (which also appears to have a relationship to IFMR Trust1), besides being part of the 19-member central board of the Reserve Bank. The 13-member committee has some big names, including former Citigroup chief Vikram Pandit and Zia Mody, chief of corporate law firm AZB & Partners. Other bankers in the committee include Sunil Kaushal, CEO, Standard Chartered Bank India; SS Mundra, chairman and managing director, Bank of Baroda and Shikha Sharma, managing director and CEO, Axis Bank. The committee also has Bindu Ananth, president, IFMR Trust; Prakash Bakshi, chairman, NABARD; Bharat Doshi, chairman, Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services; AP Hota, managing director and CEO, National Payments Corporation of India; Roopa Kudva, managing director and CEO, CRISIL Ltd; Ramesh Ramanathan, chairman, Janalakshmi Financial Services.
How strange that while Dr Rajan is trying to give out banking licences in a fair and transparent manner, several members of the newly appointed financial inclusion committee, themselves are associated with groups looking to get a new banking licence.
The larger point here is that there are multiple relationships between people on the recently named new financial inclusion committee and some of the entities that have directly applied for a banking license. Given these, I am not sure that one will be able to take Dr Rajan’s statement—regarding the highest standards of transparency and diligence to be followed in the grant of banking licenses—with a great degree of seriousness.
A second kind of conflict of interest
There is a possibility of a second kind of conflict of interest here. Many of the members of the committee are involved (directly or indirectly) with institutions providing commercial services to low income people - in other words, engaged in the business of ‘financial inclusion’. Some examples:
Therefore, institutions such as the above—with whom the financial inclusion committee members have a known and proven relationship—which are involved in the business of financial inclusion could stand to benefit from the recommendation of the committee to the RBI especially with regard to norms and procedures regarding regulation and monitoring of financial inclusion efforts (if the RBI were to implement these). And this is precisely what happened with MFIs, which resulted in lax supervision by RBI and culminated in the 2010 Andhra Pradesh micro-finance crisis.
To set the record straight, I have great professional regard for the members of the new financial inclusion committee. However, I am not sure that it is appropriate for a committee composed primarily of individuals, belonging to a set of highly inter-related service providers (financial and related services like credit rating, legal consulting for equity, health insurance etc), to alone set the regulatory and monitoring terms for a broad area (financial inclusion) where they currently operate or could do so in the future!
I am indeed shocked that a professional organisation like the RBI has created such a lopsided committee in the first place! What is really conspicuous is the lack of people representing clients, or small businesses or their associations, chambers of commerce and those with an experience in the rural/urban informal sectors and related areas. Protection of clients is a very critical issue and the lack of sufficient attention to this is what perhaps caused the US sub-prime and 2010 AP micro-finance crisis.
Committees, with a large and important mandate such as this one, need to have a diversity to have maximum effectiveness. There must be checks and balances and there is a strong need for pluralism. Packing a financial inclusion committee completely with (inter-related) people - whose institutions are themselves involved in the delivery (and related aspects) of financial services - could become a recipe for disaster as clearly demonstrated by past crisis situations.
Indeed, this committee itself is redundant. If at all the RBI is really interested in financial inclusion, it should push for concrete ground level action on plans already made (and gathering dust in the shelves) using products, processes and institutions that already exist. Even a mid-term review of the Dr Rangarajan Committee Report on Financial Inclusion could be seriously considered by the RBI so that we know what has been achieved on the ground vis-a-vis the ‘financial inclusion’ vision that was meticulously developed a few years ago. Further, planning and design can be made as we go along and I sincerely hope that Dr Rajan would strongly emphasise ‘action’ rather than unveiling yet another report of yet another committee!
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[1] See end note below for a complete explanation of the relationship between IFMR Trust and SughaVazhvu Health Care Pvt. Ltd.
[2] Quoted from State of the Sector Report, 2012, Sage Publications, page 116. According to this source, “The IKP Centre for Technologies in Public Health (ICTPH) and partner Sughavazhvu Health Care are demonstrating an innovative managed healthcare model designed to provide high-quality, cohesive and low-cost health services to rural populations. SughaVazhvu Health Care Pvt. Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of IKP Trust.” (page 116). Independently, The websites of ICTPH (http://www.ikptrust.org.in/ikp-centre-for-technologies-in-public-health.html), SughaVazhvu Health Care Pvt. Ltd (http://www.sughavazhvu.co.in/about-us.html) and IKP Trust (http://www.ikptrust.org.in/index.html) show Dr Nachiket Mor as a director. Additionally, the websites of ICAAP (http://www.ikptrust.org.in/ikp-centre-for-advancement-in-agricultural-practice.html) shows Dr Nachiket Mor as a director and also says under about us that: “IKP Centre for Advancement in Agricultural Practices (ICAAP) (http://advanceagripractice.in) is jointly owned by IKP Trust (51%) and IFMR Trust (49%) (www.ifmr.co.in) and is a Company under Section 25 of the Companies Act (1956).” One final point – Ms Sucharita Mukherjee is a director serving on the boards of IFMR Trust and ICTPH.
(Ramesh S Arunachalam has over two decades of strong grass-roots and institutional experience in rural finance, MSME development, agriculture and rural livelihood systems, rural and urban development and urban poverty alleviation across Asia, Africa, North America and Europe. He has worked with national and state governments and multilateral agencies. His book—Indian Microfinance, The Way Forward—is the first authentic compendium on the history of microfinance in India and its possible future.)
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I am very hopeful that Dr Rajan will recognise the right thing - the huge conflicts of interest that exist and will also hopefully do the needful
Saif Ahmed, Bangalore
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